EDC Science Weekly, Aug. 11-24, 2023

Post author:HEEDS
Post published:August 24, 2023
Post category:EDC Science Weekly

A summary of articles on endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) added to PubMed over the past two weeks.

Contents: Regulations/Policy, Methods/Tools/Screening, Commentaries, Reviews, Human Health Studies, Laboratory Studies, Exposure/Environment Studies

Regulations/Policy

Microplastics in the environment: An urgent need for coordinated waste management policies and strategies.

Food Risk Analysis: Towards a Better Understanding of “Hazard” and “Risk” in EU Food Legislation.

Regulatory landscape of alternatives to animal testing in food safety evaluations in the western world.

More EDC policy and regulations open for comment

Methods/Tools/Screening

Binary Classification of the Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals by Artificial Neural Networks.

Advances and applications of machine learning and deep learning in environmental ecology and health.

Development of the integrated fish endocrine disruptor test (iFEDT) – Part B: Implementation of thyroid-related endpoints.

Methods in Public Health Environmental Justice Research: a Scoping Review from 2018 to 2021.

Integrating Concentration-Dependent Toxicity Data and Toxicokinetics To Inform Hepatotoxicity Response Pathways.

A revised concept for deriving reference values for internal exposures to chemical substances and its application to population-representative biomonitoring data in German children and adolescents 2014-2017 (GerES V).

Beyond Animal Testing Index: Benchmarking tool for a world beyond animal testing.

Variability of the Human Serum Metabolome over 3 Months in the EXPOsOMICS Personal Exposure Monitoring Study.

Comparison between Endocrine Activity Assessed using Toxcast/Tox21 Database and Human Plasma Concentration of Sunscreen Active Ingredients/UV Filters.

Comparative analysis between zebrafish and an automated live-cell assay to classify developmental neurotoxicant chemicals.

Current Techniques and Models for Assessing the Developmental Toxicity of Environmental Pollutants.

A Review on the Recent Applications of Deep Learning in Predictive Drug Toxicological Studies. [for pharmaceuticals but maybe relevant for chemicals?]

Federated Learning in Computational Toxicology: An Industrial Perspective on the Effiris Hackathon. [also pharma]

More tools, reports, and resources

Commentaries

Issue analysis: key characteristics approach for identifying endocrine disruptors. [funded by an industry group]

Muller mistakes: The linear no-threshold (LNT) dose response and US EPA’s cancer risk assessment policies and practices.

Special Issue “Emerging approaches in environmental toxicology and pollutant analysis”.

Editorial: Disruptors on male reproduction-emerging risk factors, volume II.

Editorial: Role of hormones and bioactive components in breast milk on development of metabolic, neural and behavioral systems in offspring.

Introduction to the Special Issue: AI Meets Toxicology.

Pesticides: Chemical Contaminants of Foods.

Stimulation of insect vectors of pathogens by sublethal environmental contaminants: A hidden threat to human and environmental health?

Correspondence on “Global Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Associated Burden of Low Birthweight”.
Rebuttal to Correspondence on “Global Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Associated Burden of Low Birthweight”.

Reviews

Numerous Chemicals/Mixtures

Prenatal exposures to endocrine disrupting chemicals: The role of multi-omics in understanding toxicity.

Endocrine-disrupting compounds and metabolomic reprogramming in breast cancer.

Micro problems with macro consequences: accumulation of persistent organic pollutants and microplastics in human breast milk and in human milk substitutes.

Fertility loss: negative effects of environmental toxicants on oogenesis.

The effects of endocrine disruptors on female gonadal axis: An update.

Emerging environmental health risks associated with the land application of biosolids: a scoping review.

Impact of chemical pollution on threatened marine mammals: A systematic review.

BPA/Phenols

An Overview of the Health Effects of Bisphenol A from a One Health Perspective.

The Effects of Bisphenol A on Human Male Infertility: A Review of Current Epidemiological Studies.

Modulatory effects of bisphenol A on the hepatic immune response.

Exposure to bisphenol A associated with multiple health-related outcomes in humans: An umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses.

Perfluoroalkyl Substances

Prenatal and childhood exposure to per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and its associations with childhood overweight and/or obesity: a systematic review with meta-analyses.

Impact of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) on the marine environment: Raising awareness, challenges, legislation, and mitigation approaches under the One Health concept.

Pesticides

Toxicity effects of pesticides based on zebrafish (Danio rerio) models: Advances and perspectives.

Effects of Glyphosate-Based Herbicides and Glyphosate Exposure on Sex Hormones and the Reproductive System: From Epidemiological Evidence to Mechanistic Insights.

Glyphosate impact on human health and the environment: Sustainable alternatives to replace it in Mexico.

Metals/Metalloids

An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis on the relation between exposure to arsenic and risk of type 2 diabetes.

Microplastics/Nanomaterials

Reproductive Toxicity of Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review.

Microplastics: unraveling the signaling pathways involved in reproductive health.

A review on the occurrence, analytical methods, and impact of microplastics in the environment.

Pharmaceuticals/Personal Care Products

Antidepressants in wastewater treatment plants: Occurrence, transformation and acute toxicity evaluation.

Miscellaneous

Bio-based functionalized adsorptive polymers for sustainable water decontamination: A systematic review of challenges and real-world implementation.

Tyre granulate on the loose; How much escapes the turf? A systematic literature review.

Human Health Studies

Numerous Chemicals/Mixtures

Machine Learning Assisted Discovery of Interactions between Pesticides, Phthalates, Phenols, and Trace Elements in Child Neurodevelopment.

Effects of postnatal exposure to phthalate, bisphenol a, triclosan, parabens, and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances on maternal postpartum depression and infant neurodevelopment: a korean mother-infant pair cohort study.

Mixtures of Metals and Micronutrients in Early Pregnancy and Cognition in Early and Mid-Childhood: Findings from the Project Viva Cohort. [see related Invited Perspective: Metals, Micronutrients, and Mixtures-Future Directions.]

Association of exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and phthalates with thyroid hormones in adolescents from HBM4EU aligned studies.

BPA/Phenols

Combination of Bisphenol A and Its Emergent Substitute Molecules Is Related to Heart Disease and Exerts a Differential Effect on Vascular Endothelium.

The Joint Effects of Bisphenols and Iodine Exposure on Thyroid during Pregnancy.

The Correlation of Urine Bisphenol A with Semen Parameters in Men Referred to Infertility Centers: A Cross-Sectional Study.

A cohort study investigating the role of Bisphenol A in the molecular pathogenesis of breast cancer.

Phthalates

Phthalate exposure and risk of ovarian dysfunction in endometriosis: human and animal data.

Parabens/Triclosan/Antimicrobials

Exposure to parabens and dysglycemia: Insights from a Chinese population.

Persistent Organic Pollutants: PCBs, Dioxin, OCPs

Effects of mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and three organochlorine pesticides on cognitive function differ between older Mohawks at Akwesasne and older adults in NHANES.

Organochlorine pesticides and epigenetic alterations in thyroid tumors.

Perfluoroalkyl Substances

High Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine-an Observational Study in Adults from Ronneby, Sweden. [see related, Invited Perspective: Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Impaired Antibody Response to Vaccination-Who Is Affected?]

Serum perfluoroalkyl substances and growth and development in US adolescents: a nationally representative cross-sectional study.

PPARα/ACOX1 as a novel target for hepatic lipid metabolism disorders induced by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: An integrated approach.

Pesticides

Fetal Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Child Adiposity Measures at 10 Years of Age in the General Dutch Population.

Association between glyphosate exposure and cognitive function, depression, and neurological diseases in a representative sample of US adults: NHANES 2013-2014 analysis.

Investigating the prevalence of erectile dysfunction among men exposed to organophosphate insecticides.

Association between pyrethroid exposure and osteoarthritis: a national population-based cross-sectional study in the US.

Pesticides as a potential independent childhood leukemia risk factor and as a potential confounder for electromagnetic fields exposure.

Metals/Metalloids

Urinary essential and toxic metal mixtures, and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Telomere shortening as an intermediary factor?

Low-dose antimony exposure promotes prostate cancer proliferation by inhibiting ferroptosis via activation of the Nrf2-SLC7A11-GPX4 pathway.

Parental occupational exposure to metals and risk of cancer in the offspring: A register-based case-control study from Sweden.

Linking Metallic Micronutrients and Toxic Xenobiotics to Atherosclerosis and Fatty Liver Disease-Postmortem ICP-MS Analysis of Selected Human Tissues.

Joint effect of whole blood metals exposure with dyslipidemia in representative US adults in NHANES 2011-2020.

Microplastics/Nanomaterials

Microplastics in the Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Chinese Children: Associations with Age, City Development, and Disease Features.

Air Pollution

Comparison of Particulate Air Pollution From Different Emission Sources and Incident Dementia in the US.

The Association of Air Pollution Exposure With Glucose and Lipid Levels: The Role of an Extreme Air Pollution Event Alongside 2 Decades of Moderate Exposure.

Prenatal air pollution, maternal immune activation, and autism spectrum disorder.

Miscellaneous

Comprehensive analysis between volatile organic compound (VOC) exposure and female sex hormones: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2013-2016.

Laboratory Studies

Numerous Chemicals/Mixtures

Exposure to endocrine disruptors promotes biofilm formation and contributes to increased virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

BPA/Phenols

The PCOS-NAFLD Multidisease Phenotype Occurred in Medaka Fish Four Generations after the Removal of Bisphenol A Exposure.

Resveratrol Mitigates Bisphenol A-Induced Metabolic Disruptions: Insights from Experimental Studies.

Low-dose Bisphenol A exposure alters the functionality and cellular environment in a human cardiomyocyte model.

Bisphenol analogues induced social defects and neural impairment in zebrafish.

Carvacrol showed a curative effect on reproductive toxicity caused by Bisphenol AF via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties.

Carnosic acid and rosemary extract reversed the lipid accumulation induced by bisphenol A in the 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and C57BL/6J mice via SIRT1/FoxO1 pathway.

In vivo exposure to bisphenol F induces oxidative testicular toxicity: role of Erβ and p53/Bcl-2 signaling pathway.

Environmental-relevant bisphenol A exposure promotes ovarian cancer stemness by regulating microRNA biogenesis.

Phthalates

Mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate potentiates methylglyoxal-induced blood-brain barrier damage via mitochondria-derived oxidative stress and bioenergetic perturbation.

Environmentally relevant DEHP exposure during gestational and lactational period inhibits filamin a testicular expression.

Region- and age-specific effects of perinatal phthalate exposure on developmental cell death and adult anatomy of dorsal and ventral hippocampus and associated cognitive behaviors.

Maternal di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure elicits offspring IFN-λ upregulation: Insights from birth cohort, murine model, and in vitro mechanistic analysis.

Adverse cardiovascular effects of long-term exposure to diethyl phthalate in the rat aorta.

Parabens/Triclosan/Antimicrobials

Differential immunotoxicity effects of triclosan and triclocarban on larval zebrafish based on RNA-Seq and bioinformatics analysis.

Persistent Organic Pollutants: PCBs, Dioxin, OCPs

Persistent organic pollutants promote aggressiveness in prostate cancer.

The effects of pollutant mixture released from grafted adipose tissues on fatty acid and lipid metabolism in the skeletal muscles, kidney, heart, and lungs of male mice.

Effect of Microplastic Types on the In Vivo Bioavailability of Polychlorinated Biphenyls.

Hexachlorocyclohexane impairs human sperm motility by affecting lysine glutarylation and mitochondrial functions.

Developmental exposure to the Parkinson’s disease-associated organochlorine pesticide dieldrin alters dopamine neurotransmission in α-synuclein pre-formed fibril (PFF)-injected mice.

Perfluoroalkyl Substances

Activation of estrogen-related receptor: An alternative mechanism of hexafluoropropylene oxide homologs estrogenic effects.

Different life stages exposure to hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA) induces reproductive toxicity in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Unrecognized risk of perfluorooctane sulfonate in promoting conjugative transfers of bacterial antibiotic resistance genes.

Cannabidiol alleviates perfluorooctane sulfonate-induced macrophage extracellular trap mediate inflammation and fibrosis in mice liver.

Toxicity comparison of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (HFPO-DA), and hexafluoropropylene oxide trimer acid (HFPO-TA) in zebrafish gut.

C57BL/6J mice exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid demonstrate altered immune responses and increased seizures after Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus infection.

Chronic Exposure to a PFAS Mixture Resembling AFFF-Impacted Surface Water Decreases Body Size in Northern Leopard Frogs (Rana pipiens).

Flame Retardants

Gestational exposure to FireMaster® 550 (FM 550) disrupts the placenta-brain axis in a socially monogamous rodent species, the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster).

Skeletal effects following developmental flame-retardant exposure are specific to sex and chemical class in the adult Wistar rat.

Extended exposure to tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) leads to subfertility in male mice at the late reproductive age.

Interactions of organophosphate flame retardants with human drug transporters.

Organotins

Cyhexatin causes developmental toxic effects by disrupting endocrine system and inducing behavioral inhibition, apoptosis and DNA hypomethylation in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae.

Pesticides

Assessment of the impact of glyphosate and 2,4-D herbicides on the kidney injury and transcriptome changes of obese mice fed a Western diet.

Effects of Atrazine exposure on human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells assessed by combinatorial assay matrix.

MiR-96-5p is involved in permethrin-promoted proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells.

Effect of perinatal exposure to glyphosate and its mixture with 2,4-D and dicamba on rat dam kidney and thyroid function and offspring’s health.

Integrating morphological, biochemical, behavioural, and molecular approaches to investigate developmental toxicity triggered by tebuthiuron in zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Metals/Metalloids

Reproductive toxicity induced by lead exposure: Effects on gametogenesis and sex steroid signaling in teleost fish.

Folic acid supplementation improved cognitive deficits associated with lithium administration during pregnancy in rat offspring.

Microplastics/Nanomaterials

Toxic effect of chronic exposure to polyethylene nano/microplastics on oxidative stress, neurotoxicity and gut microbiota of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Immune and inflammatory responses of human macrophages, dendritic cells, and T-cells in presence of micro- and nanoplastic of different types and sizes.

Polystyrene Microplastics Exacerbate Systemic Inflammation in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity.

Acute Exposure to Microplastics Induced Changes in Behavior and Inflammation in Young and Old Mice.

Polystyrene may alter the cooperation mechanism of gut microbiota and immune system through co-exposure with DCBQ.

Medicine designed to combat diseases of affluence affects the early development of fish. How do plastic microparticles contribute?

Early clues and molecular mechanism involved in neurodegenerative diseases induced in immature mice by combined exposure to polypropylene microplastics and DEHP.

Uptake and release of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) from macro and microplastics.

Linking nanomaterial-induced mitochondrial dysfunction to existing adverse outcome pathways for chemicals.

Exposurea to Polystyrene Nanoplastics Led to Learning And Memory Deficits in Zebrafish by Inducing Oxidative Damage And Aggravating Brain Aging.

Pharmaceuticals/Personal Care Products

Preventing/Reversing Adverse Effects of Endocrine Disruption on Mouse Testes by Normalizing Tissue Resident VSELs. [DES]

Environmentally relevant concentrations of antidepressant mirtazapine impair the neurodevelopment of zebrafish (Danio rerio).

Miscellaneous

Immunotoxicity of N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide (NBBS): Impacts on Immune Function in Adult Mice and Developmentally Exposed Rats. [a plasticizer]

Exposure/Environment Studies

Numerous Chemicals/Mixtures

Assessment of Endocrine Disruptor Exposure in Hospital Professionals Using Hair and Urine Analyses: An Awareness Campaign.

Evaluation and identification of chemical migrants leached from baby food pouch packaging.

Changes in chemical occurrence, concentration, and bioactivity in the Colorado River before and after replacement of the Moab, Utah wastewater treatment plant.

Endocrine Disruption Is Reduced but Still Widespread in Wild Roach (Rutilus rutilus) Living in English Rivers.

PBT assessment of chemicals detected in effluent of wastewater treatment plants by suspected screening analysis.

BPA/Phenols

Exposure scenario and risk assessment of infants and newborns to bisphenols and their derivatives from diapers.

Phthalates

Cumulative health risk in children and adolescents exposed to bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP).

Assessment of phthalate exposure at a fire site in Korean firefighters.

Parabens/Triclosan/Antimicrobials

Cetaceans as bio-indicators revealed the increased risks of triclosan exposure and associated thyroid hormone disruption during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Persistent Organic Pollutants: PCBs, Dioxin, OCPs

Persistent organic pollutants in Croatian breast milk: An overview of pollutant levels and infant health risk assessment from 1976 to the present.

Relationship Between DDT Concentrations with Multiparity and Breastfeeding History.

Dioxin emission prediction from a full-scale municipal solid waste incinerator: Deep learning model in time-series input.

Perfluoroalkyl Substances

Presence of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Landfill Adjacent Surface Waters in North Carolina.

Biomonitoring of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin (SHOW) 2014-2016 and comparison with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

Management of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)-laden wastewater sludge in Maine: Perspectives on a wicked problem.

Early detection of emerging persistent perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) along the east coast of India.

Predictions of PFAS regional-scale atmospheric deposition and ambient air exposure.

Predicting Groundwater PFOA Exposure Risks with Bayesian Networks: Empirical Impact of Data Preprocessing on Model Performance.

Research priorities for the environmental risk assessment of per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS).

Distribution and potential health risks of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in water, sediment, and fish in Dongjiang River Basin, Southern China.

Flame Retardants

A review of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and novel brominated flame retardants in Chinese aquatic environment: Source, occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk assessment.

Associations between urogenital carcinoma and DECA-BDE (BDE-209) among wild California Sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and Steller Sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus).

Pesticides

Sub-lethal but potentially devastating – The novel insecticide flupyradifurone impairs collective brood care in bumblebees.

Metals/Metalloids

Do marine protected areas influence mercury exposure? Insights from a shark community in the tropical northeast pacific.

Microplastics/Nanomaterials

Microplastics in the marine environment of St. Mary’s Island: implications for human health and conservation.

Microplastics in the seagrass ecosystems: A critical review.

Trophic transfer of nanoplastics and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in a freshwater food chain (Chlorella Pyrenoidosa-Daphnia magna-Micropterus salmoides) induced disturbance of lipid metabolism in fish.

Air Pollution

Air Pollutant Patterns and Human Health Risk following the East Palestine, Ohio, Train Derailment.

Ambient black carbon particles in human ovarian tissue and follicular fluid.

Quantifying the potential effects of air pollution reduction on population health and health expenditure in Taiwan.

Pharmaceuticals/Personal Care Products

Comprehensive overview of antibiotic distribution, risk and priority: A study of large-scale drinking water sources from the lower Yangtze River.

Factors driving PPCPs uptake by crops after wastewater irrigation and human health implications.

Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and ultraviolet filters in wastewater discharges to San Francisco Bay as drivers of ecotoxicity.

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This list is not meant to be exhaustive, and generally does not include studies on detection, remediation, or treatment of EDCs. Note that journal publication dates may be different from dates added to PubMed. To see the searchable archives, please email me and ask to join the EDC Science Weekly group EDC_re…@googlegroups.com. The searchable archives are at https://groups.google.com/d/forum/edc_research or online at https://heeds.org/category/edc-science-weekly/. Compiled by Sarah Howard of Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies (HEEDS), a program of Environmental Health Sciences.

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EHN EHN

Lou Guillette Jr. Memorial Symposium
by Sarah Howard on December 16, 2024 at 3:52 pm
On March 14-15, 2025, HEEDS is hosting the Lou Guillette Jr. Memorial Symposium on endocrine disrupting science at the University of Florida. It will celebrate the life and legacy of Dr. Guillette, gather together his trainees and colleagues, and focus on the research topics that Lou made famous. Information here.
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: hazards and opportunities (ECHO) course
by Sarah Howard on December 16, 2024 at 3:50 pm
This course focuses on the chemical, biological, and societal challenges of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and new opportunities for moving forward. ECHO is a two-week intensive bootcamp-style career development course for graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and professionals in the field. It is held at Woods Hole, Massachusetts.
Webinar: EDC exposure and gonadal function: consequences and interventions
by Sarah Howard on December 16, 2024 at 3:36 pm
This two part webinar series is sponsored by the Endocrine Society's Special Interest Group (SIG) on endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The first webinar is scheduled for Jan. 30, 2025, and the second for Feb. 13.

EHN EHN

The plastics crisis: A neuropsychiatric problem hidden in plain sight
by EHN Curators on December 18, 2024 at 7:47 pm
The impact of plastics on health is an area of increasing concern.
Scientists lay out new framework to identify toxics contributing to metabolic disorders
by Katherine McMahon,Sarah Howard on December 17, 2024 at 10:00 am
A new consensus statement published in Nature Reviews Endocrinology proposes a set of 12 characteristics that can be used to identify metabolic-disrupting agents - chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and environmental hazards that increase the risk of metabolic disorders like diabetes and obesity. “This approach will enable a more comprehensive mechanistic understanding of how environmental chemicals and other agents disrupt metabolism and cause adverse outcomes.”
2024 Lou Guillette Jr Outstanding Young Investigator Award Winner: Dr. Chris Kassotis
by Sarah Howard on December 16, 2024 at 4:00 pm
Chris Kassotis, Ph.D., is the 2024 winner of the Lou Guillette, Jr. Outstanding Young Investigator Award, sponsored by Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies (HEEDS). The award, in honor of scientist and mentor Lou Guillette, Jr., is given to an early-career scientist working in some aspect of endocrine disruptor research. The Kassotis lab focuses on understanding endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and mixtures, and their potential impacts on human and animal health, with a particular focus on metabolic health. He takes on critical public health issues, such as the health effects of chemicals found in fracking fluids and in artificial turf.

EHN EHN

Pesticide industry fights state efforts to regulate PFAS in farming
by EHN Curators on December 19, 2024 at 11:21 am
Pesticide trade groups are using lobbyists and grassroots networks to delay state laws aimed at curbing PFAS contamination in food and water, citing economic concerns. Lisa Held reports for Civil Eats.
Safe drinking water law marks 50 years, but challenges persist
by EHN Curators on December 19, 2024 at 11:19 am
Fifty years after the Safe Drinking Water Act became law, millions still lack reliable access to clean water, particularly in marginalized communities and small towns. Brett Walton reports for Circle of Blue.
RFK Jr. plans to eliminate fluoride in water, but states hold the power
by EHN Curators on December 18, 2024 at 11:47 am
President-elect Donald Trump's health appointee, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., aims to end fluoride in drinking water nationwide, but many states maintain mandates that the federal government cannot override. Hannah Recht reports for The Washington Post.