EDC Science Weekly, Feb. 17 – 25, 2020 – HEEDS

EDC Science Weekly, Feb. 17 – 25, 2020

Post author:HEEDS
Post published:February 25, 2020
Post category:EDC Science Weekly

A summary of articles on endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) added to PubMed this week.

Contents: Regulations/Policy, Methods/Screening, Reviews, Human Health Studies, Laboratory Studies, Exposure/Environment Studies.

Regulations/Policy

REACH Specific Environmental Release Categories for Plant Protection Product Applications.

Methods/Screening

CoMPARA: Collaborative Modeling Project for Androgen Receptor Activity.

Probabilistic human health risk assessment of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) by integrating in vitro, in vivo toxicity, and human epidemiological studies using a Bayesian-based dose-response assessment coupled with physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approach.

Predictive models for human organ toxicity based on in vitro bioactivity data and chemical structure.

Choriogenin transcription in medaka embryos and larvae as an alternative model for screening estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals.

Development of AOP relevant to microplastics based on toxicity mechanisms of chemical additives using ToxCast™ and deep learning models combined approach.

Profiling the ToxCast library with a pluripotent human (H9) stem cell line-based biomarker assay for developmental toxicity.

Mechanism-driven Read-Across of Chemical Hepatotoxicants Based on Chemical Structures and Biological Data.

Lethal and sublethal effects of toxicants on bumble bee populations: a modelling approach.

Computational approaches to identify structural alerts and their applications in environmental toxicology and drug discovery.

Application of chemometric methods and QSAR models to support pesticide risk assessment starting from ecotoxicological datasets.

Studying Neurobehavioral Effects of Environmental Pollutants on Zebrafish Larvae.

Reviews

Commentaries/Conference Summaries

Tenth International PCB Workshop: 50 years of PCB research, new approaches and discoveries and still so much more to learn.

Getting in Shape for the World’s Leading Environmental Risk Factor. [re air pollution and cardiovascular disease]

Air pollution, the underestimated cardiovascular risk factor.

Phthalates

Association of phthalate exposure with precocious and delayed pubertal timing in girls and boys: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Perfluoroalkyl Substances

U.S. Department of Defense-Funded Fate and Transport Research on Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances at Aqueous Film-Forming Foam-Impacted Sites.

Pesticides

Toxicity testing of pesticides in zebrafish-a systematic review on chemicals and associated toxicological endpoints.

Omics Approaches to Pesticide Biodegradation.

Metabolomics study and meta-analysis on the association between maternal pesticide exposome and birth outcomes.

Application, monitoring and adverse effects in pesticide use: The importance of reinforcement of Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs).

Potentially Toxic Elements

Arsenic in geoenvironments of Nicaragua: Exposure, health effects, mitigation and future needs.

Neuropathology Associated with Exposure to Different Concentrations and Species of Mercury: A Review of Autopsy Cases and the Literature.

Uranium in drinking water: a public health threat.

Microplastics

A Detailed Review Study on Potential Effects of Microplastics and Additives of Concern on Human Health.

A critical viewpoint on current issues, limitations, and future research needs on micro- and nanoplastic studies: From the detection to the toxicological assessment.

Source, migration and toxicology of microplastics in soil.

A review of microplastics in the aquatic environmental: distribution, transport, ecotoxicology, and toxicological mechanisms.

Microplastics in aquatic environments: Toxicity to trigger ecological consequences.

Distribution, abundance and risks of microplastics in the environment.

Air Pollution

A Bibliometric Analysis of the Impacts of Air Pollution on Children.

The role of air pollution in cognitive impairment and decline.

Air pollutants disrupt iron homeostasis to impact oxidant generation, biological effects, and tissue injury.

Pharmaceuticals

Concerted Efforts Are Needed to Control and Mitigate Antibiotic Pollution in Coastal Waters of China.

Miscellaneous/Numerous Chemicals

Epigenetic Biomarkers for Environmental Exposures and Personalized Breast Cancer Prevention.

Endocrine disruptors and thyroid autoimmunity.

Synthetic organic dyes as contaminants of the aquatic environment and their implications for ecosystems: A review.

Regulation of endocrine systems by the microbiome: Perspectives from comparative animal models.

Review of the environmental prenatal exposome and its relationship to maternal and fetal health

Human Health Studies

BPA/Phenols

Association of Urinary Levels of Bisphenols A, F, and S with Endometriosis Risk: Preliminary Results of the EndEA Study.

Phthalates

Gestational Exposures to Phthalates and Folic Acid, and Autistic Traits in Canadian Children.

White matter microstructure mediates the association between prenatal exposure to phthalates and behavior problems in preschool children.

Decrease in serum testosterone levels after short-term occupational exposure to diisononyl phthalate in male workers.

Perfluoroalkyl Substances

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and blood pressure in pre-diabetic adults-cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the diabetes prevention program outcomes study.

Prenatal exposure to perfluorodecanoic acid is associated with lower circulating concentration of adrenal steroid metabolites during mini puberty in human female infants. The Odense Child Cohort.

Pesticides

Prenatal pesticide exposure and childhood leukemia – A California statewide case-control study.

Prenatal pesticide exposure and respiratory health outcomes in the first year of life: Results from the infants’ Environmental Health (ISA) study.

Prenatal organophosphate pesticide exposure and reproductive hormones in cord blood in Shandong, China.

Potentially Toxic Elements

Birth outcomes associated with maternal exposure to metals from informal electronic waste recycling in Guiyu, China.

Arsenic exposure is associated with significant upper tract urothelial carcinoma health care needs and elevated mortality rates.

Estimating the national burden of mild intellectual disability in children exposed to dietary lead in China.

Urinary cadmium and timing of menarche and pubertal development in girls.

Chronic Kidney Disease in Pregnant Mothers affects Maternal and Fetal Disposition of Mercury.

Prenatal exposure to mixtures of heavy metals and neurodevelopment in infants at 6 months.

Air Pollution

Exposure to Air Pollution during Pregnancy and Childhood, and White Matter Microstructure in Preadolescents.

Prenatal exposure to traffic and ambient air pollution and infant weight and adiposity: The Healthy Start study.

Long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter and fasting blood glucose level in a Chinese elderly cohort.

Short-term exposure to air pollution and its interaction effects with two ABO SNPs on blood lipid levels in northern China: A family-based study.

Associations between long-term exposure to air pollution and blood pressure and effect modifications by behavioral factors.

Short time exposure to ambient ozone and associated cardiovascular effects: A panel study of healthy young adults.

Association of APOL1 Risk Genotype and Air Pollution for Kidney Disease.

Air pollutants and subsequent risk of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease: A population-based cohort study.

Effects of particulate matter exposure on semen quality: A retrospective cohort study.

Association of short-term exposure to sulfur dioxide and hospitalization for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in Guangzhou, China.

Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter and Cardiovascular Disease in China.

Association between air pollution and menstrual disorder outpatient visits: A time-series analysis.

Effect of ambient air pollution exposure on renal dysfunction among hospitalized patients in Shanghai, China.

The Association between Air Pollution and Hospitalization of Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in Chile: A daily time series analysis.

Associations between fine particulate matter, extreme heat events, and congenital heart defects.

Miscellaneous

Environmental pollutants affecting children’s growth and development: Collective results from the MOCEH study, a multi-centric prospective birth cohort in Korea. [numerous pollutants]

Perceived risks, benefits, and interest in participating in environmental health studies that share personal exposure data, a U.S. survey of prospective participants

Laboratory Studies

BPA/Phenols

Bisphenol A affects endometrial stromal cells decidualization, involvement of epigenetic regulation.

Protein Kinase D1 (PKD1) Is a New Functional Non-Genomic Target of Bisphenol A in Breast Cancer Cells.

Effects of Bisphenol A on Foxl2 gene expression and DNA damage in adult viviparous fish Goodea atripinnis.

Effect of bisphenol A on human neutrophils immunophenotype.

Bisphenol A and bisphenol S disruptions of the mouse placenta and potential effects on the placenta-brain axis.

Inhibition of pancreatic lipase by environmental xenoestrogens.

Protective effects of quercetin against oxidative stress induced by bisphenol-A in rat cardiac mitochondria.

Bisphenol S Impaired In Vitro Ovine Early Developmental Oocyte Competence.

Bisphenol A and S impaired ovine granulosa cell steroidogenesis.

A suggested bisphenol A metabolite (MBP) interfered with reproductive organ development in the chicken embryo while a human-relevant mixture of phthalate monoesters had no such effects.

Chronic toxicity of endocrine disrupting chemicals used in plastic products in Korean resident species: Implications for aquatic ecological risk assessment. [BPA, nonylphenol, phthalates]

Phthalates

Gut microbiota dysbiosis might be responsible to different toxicity caused by Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure in murine rodents.

Evaluation of the spinal effects of phthalates in a zebrafish embryo assay.

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induced nephrotoxicity in quail (Coturnix japonica) by triggering nuclear xenobiotic receptors and modulating the cytochrome P450 system.

Competitive binding assays for measuring the binding affinity of thyroid-disrupting chemicals for integrin αvβ3.

Embryonic exposures to mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate induce larval steatosis in zebrafish independent of Nrf2a signaling.

Triclosan

miR-142-5p/DAX1-dependent regulation of P450c17 contributes to triclosan-mediated testosterone suppression.

Triclosan induces zebrafish neurotoxicity by abnormal expression of miR-219 targeting oligodendrocyte differentiation of central nervous system.

Persistent Organic Pollutants: PCBs

Tissue Distribution and Immunomodulation in Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) Following Dietary Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyl Aroclors and Food Deprivation.

Perfluoroalkyl Substances

Perfluoroalkyl Substances Stimulate Insulin Secretion by Islet β Cells via G Protein-Coupled Receptor 40.

Mechanism of immunosuppression in zebrafish (Danio rerio) spleen induced by environmentally relevant concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid.

Evaluation of Maternal, Embryo, and Placental Effects in CD-1 Mice following Gestational Exposure to Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) or Hexafluoropropylene Oxide Dimer Acid (HFPO-DA or GenX).

Comparative analysis of the toxicological databases for 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2 FTOH) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA).

Chronic PFAS-exposure under environmentally relevant conditions delays development in northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) larvae.

Evaluating thyroid hormone disruption: investigations of long-term neurodevelopmental effects in rats after perinatal exposure to perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS).

The Subacute Toxicity of PFOS and/or PFOA and Legacy Aqueous Film Forming Foams to Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica) Chicks.

Flame Retardants

Changes in the immune function of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) provide insights into strategies against BDE-47 stress.

Perinatal low-dose PBDE-47 exposure hampered thyroglobulin turnover and induced thyroid cell apoptosis by triggering ER stress and lysosomal destabilization contributing to thyroid toxicity in adult female rats.

Pesticides

Glyphosate-based herbicide impairs energy metabolism and increases autophagy in C6 astroglioma cell line.

Toxicity of the organophosphate insecticide sumithion to embryo and larvae of zebrafish.

Environmentally relevant mixture of S-metolachlor and its two metabolites affects thyroid metabolism in zebrafish embryos.

Oxidative stress-mediated genotoxicity of malathion in human lymphocytes.

Exposure to Metalaxyl Disturbs the Skeletal Development of Zebrafish Embryos.

A retain and refine approach to cumulative risk assessment.

Chronic exposure to glyphosate induces transcriptional changes in honey bee larva: A toxicogenomic study.

Effects of pH and nitrites on the toxicity of a cypermethrin-based pesticide to zebrafish embryos.

Phenotypic and trascriptomic changes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos/larvae following cypermethrin exposure.

Bifenthrin insecticide promotes oxidative stress and increases inflammatory mediators in human neuroblastoma cells through NF-kappaB pathway.

Long-term effects of low doses of Chlorpyrifos exposure at the preweaning developmental stage: A locomotor, pharmacological, brain gene expression and gut microbiome analysis.

Morphological and biochemical traits and mortality in Physalaemus gracilis (Anura: Leptodactylidae) tadpoles exposed to the insecticide chlorpyrifos.

Morphometric and proteomic responses of early-life stage rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to the aquatic herbicide diquat dibromide.

Postnatal zinc or paraquat administration increases paraquat or zinc-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons: insight into augmented neurodegeneration.

Sex as a biological variable in the rat model of diisopropylfluorophosphate-induced long-term neurotoxicity.

Biotransformation Mechanism of Pesticides by Cytochrome P450: A DFT Study on Dieldrin

Potentially Toxic Elements

Lineage- and Sex-Dependent Behavioral and Biochemical Transgenerational Consequences of Developmental Exposure to Lead, Prenatal Stress, and Combined Lead and Prenatal Stress in Mice.

Morpho-functional alterations in lymphocytes and erythrocytes of Japanese quail due to prolonged in vivo exposure to heavy metal complexes.

Effects of seawater acidification and cadmium on the antioxidant defense of flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae.

Disruption of Bone Zinc Metabolism during Postnatal Development of Rats after Early Life Exposure to Cadmium.

Effects of heavy metals on the bioaccumulation, excretion and gut microbiome of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens).

Physiological, biochemical and transcriptomic responses of Medicago sativa to nickel exposure.

Mercury-Induced Inhibition of Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Sperm Proteins and Altered Functional Dynamics of Buck Spermatozoa: an In Vitro Study.

Thermal stress accelerates mercury chloride toxicity in Oreochromis niloticus via up-regulation of mercury bioaccumulation and HSP70 mRNA expression.

Developmental arsenic exposure is associated with sex differences in the epigenetic regulation of stress genes in the adult mouse frontal cortex.

Induction of hepatic portal fibrosis, mitochondria damage, and extracellular vesicle formation in Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to copper, manganese, and mercury, alone and in combination.

Microplastics

The emerging risk of exposure to nano(micro)plastics on endocrine disturbance and reproductive toxicity: From a hypothetical scenario to a global public health challenge.

Combined effects of polystyrene microplastics and thermal stress on the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha.

Microplastics Exposure Causes Negligible Effects on the Oxidative Response Enzymes Glutathione Reductase and Peroxidase in the Oligochaete Tubifex tubifex.

Evaluation of potential environmental toxicity of polymeric nanomaterials and surfactants.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals size-dependent effects of polystyrene microplastics on immune and secretory cell populations from zebrafish intestines.

Air Pollution

Transition Metal Containing Particulate Matter Promotes Th1 and Th17 Inflammatory Response by Monocyte Activation in Organic and Inorganic Compounds Dependent Manner.

Exposure of ultrafine particulate matter causes glutathione redox imbalance in the hippocampus: A neurometabolic susceptibility to Alzheimer’s pathology.

World Trade Center-Cardiorespiratory and Vascular Dysfunction: Assessing the Phenotype and Metabolome of a Murine Particulate Matter Exposure Model.

Fine particulate matter aggravates intestinal and brain injury and affects bacterial community structure of intestine and feces in Alzheimer’s disease transgenic mice.

Airway Hyperresponsiveness, Inflammation, and Pulmonary Emphysema in Rodent Models Designed to Mimic Exposure to Fuel Oil-Derived Volatile Organic Compounds Encountered during an Experimental Oil Spill.

Mixtures

Ecotoxicological effects of microplastics and cadmium on the earthworm Eisenia foetida.

Investigating the relationship between synergistic effects and diversity of four widely used agricultural pesticides by using bacterial species in liquid culture medium.

Probing the single and combined toxicity of PFOS and Cr(VI) to soil bacteria and the interaction mechanisms.

UV Filters/Sunscreens

Exposure to the UV Filter Octyl Methoxy Cinnamate in the Postnatal Period Induces Thyroid Dysregulation and Perturbs the Immune System of Mice.

3-(4-Methylbenzylidene) camphor induced reproduction toxicity and antiandrogenicity in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes).

Effects of three zinc-containing sunscreens on development of purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) embryos.

Miscellaneous

Assessing the cytotoxic/genotoxic activity and estrogenic/antiestrogenic potential of essential oils from seven aromatic plants.

Toxicity evaluation of E-waste plastics and potential repercussions for human health.

Interrelationships between metabolic hormones, leptin and ghrelin, and oil-related contaminants in control of oxytocin and prostaglandin F release by feline ovaries.

Exposure/Environment Studies

BPA/Phenols

Occurrence of bisphenol A and its alternatives in paired urine and indoor dust from Chinese university students: Implications for human exposure.

Associations of lifestyle factors with phthalate metabolites, bisphenol A, parabens, and triclosan concentrations in breast milk of Korean mothers.

Occurrence and Maternal Transfer of Multiple Bisphenols, Including an Emerging Derivative with Unexpectedly High Concentrations, in the Human Maternal-Fetal-Placental Unit.

Phthalates

Use of stored serum in the study of time trends and geographical differences in exposure of pregnant women to phthalates.

Parabens

Menstrual blood concentrations of parabens and benzophenones and related factors in a sample of Spanish women: An exploratory study.

Persistent Organic Pollutants: PCBs, Dioxin, OCPs, PAHs

Influence of climate and biological variables on temporal trends of persistent organic pollutants in Arctic char and ringed seals from Greenland.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels in urine samples collected in a subarctic region of the Northwest Territories, Canada.

Serum concentrations of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the Michigan PBB Registry 40 years after the PBB contamination incident.

Metabolomic profiles of the endangered St. Lawrence Estuary beluga population and associations with organohalogen contaminants.

Perfluoroalkyl Substances

Dietary characteristics associated with plasma concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances among adults with pre-diabetes: Cross-sectional results from the Diabetes Prevention Program Trial.

Serum Levels of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Adolescents and Young Adults Exposed to Contaminated Drinking Water in the Veneto Region, Italy: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on a Health Surveillance Program.

Enantioselectivity in transplacental transfer of perfluoro-1-methylheptanesulfonate (1m-PFOS): Human biomonitoring and in silico study.

The effect of weathering on per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from durable water repellent (DWR) clothing.

Visualized Metabolic Disorder and its Chemical Inducer in Wild Crucian Carp from Taihu Lake, China. [PFAS and other chemicals]

Flame Retardants

Organophosphate esters in a cohort of pregnant women: Variability and predictors of exposure.

Organotins

Occurrence and trophic magnification profile of triphenyltin compounds in marine mammals and their corresponding food webs.

Pesticides

Passive monitoring techniques to evaluate environmental pesticide exposure: Results from the Infant’s Environmental Health study (ISA).

Organophosphate pesticide exposure in children in Israel: Dietary associations and implications for risk assessment.

Potentially Toxic Elements

Distinguishing between natural and industrial lead in consumer products and other environmental matrices.

Human biomonitoring to evaluate exposure to toxic and essential trace elements during pregnancy. Part B: Predictors of exposure.

Comparison of Plasma Concentrations of Mercury, Cadmium, and Arsenic among Women in 2005 and 2012 in a Historically Contaminated Area in China.

Linking elevated blood lead level in urban school-aged children with bioaccessible lead in neighborhood soil.

The potential wildfire effects on mercury remobilization from topsoils and biomass in a smelter-polluted semi-arid area.

Increased health threats from land use change caused by anthropogenic activity in an endemic fluorosis and arsenicosis area.

Pharmaceuticals

Occurrence and risk assessment of psychoactive substances in tap water from China.

Psychoactive pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems: A comparative assessment of environmental monitoring approaches for water and fish.

Miscellaneous

ERASSTRI – European Risk Assessment Study on Synthetic Turf Rubber Infill – Part 1: Analysis of infill samples.

ERASSTRI – European Risk Assessment Study on Synthetic Turf Rubber Infill – Part 2: Migration and monitoring studies.

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This list is not meant to be exhaustive, and generally does not include studies on detection, remediation, or treatment of EDCs. Note that journal publication dates may be different than dates added to PubMed. To see the searchable archives, please email me at Sarah@healthandenvironment.org and ask to join the group EDC_research@googlegroups.com. Archives are at https://groups.google.com/d/forum/edc_research. Compiled by Sarah Howard, Diabetes and Environment Program and HEEDS at Commonweal.

EHN EHN

Webinar: Fluoride, neurodevelopment, and cognition: a National Toxicology Program monograph
by Sarah Howard on November 19, 2024 at 5:00 pm
This Dec. 3 webinar features Dr. Kyla Taylor of NIEHS who will discuss the results of a National Toxicology Program monograph review that concluded there is "moderate confidence" in the scientific evidence that showed an association between higher levels of fluoride exposure and lower IQ in children.
Webinar: Behind the scenes at EPA: What's gone wrong and what does it mean for our work?
by Sarah Howard on November 19, 2024 at 3:56 pm
This Dec. 9 webinar, Behind the scenes at EPA: what's gone wrong and what does it mean for our work? is part 2 of a series on the future of EPA decision-making. Sponsored by the Collaborative for Health and Environment (CHE), Earthjustice, and UCSF's Earth Center.
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: hazards and opportunities (ECHO) course
by Sarah Howard on October 31, 2024 at 2:50 pm
This course focuses on the chemical, biological, and societal challenges of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and new opportunities for moving forward. ECHO is a two-week intensive bootcamp-style career development course for graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and professionals in the field. It is held at Woods Hole, Massachusetts.

EHN EHN

“We have enough evidence” to act on toxic plastic exposure now
by Katherine McMahon,Sarah Howard on November 22, 2024 at 3:31 pm
In a recent commentary published in The Lancet, Dr. Leonardo Trasande of NYU’s Grossman School of Medicine emphasizes the need to address the well-established health harms from exposure to chemical additives used in plastics. “Only through a serious and concerted effort to turn off the plastic tap will we apply the lessons learned from plastic use… and avoid the invisible chemicals used in plastic materials from becoming visible in the form of a larger global pandemic of chronic disease.”
Kids who adopt a gluten-free diet have increased arsenic levels
by Katherine McMahon,Sarah Howard on November 20, 2024 at 1:32 pm
A recent study published in The American Journal of Gastroenterology found that children who adopted a gluten-free (GF) diet after being diagnosed with celiac disease had significantly increased arsenic exposure after only six months. “More research needs to be done to determine whether there are long-term effects of this bump, but overall, I think it speaks to the importance of diversifying the grains in the gluten-free diet.”
NIEHS publishes new strategic plan
by Sarah Howard on November 19, 2024 at 6:03 pm
The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) published a 2025-2029 strategic plan, "Health at the Intersection of People and Their Environments."

EHN EHN

Trump’s second term could mean fewer protections for drinking water
by EHN Curators on November 21, 2024 at 12:30 pm
Donald Trump’s plans for the Environmental Protection Agency may include rolling back protections against PFAS and other drinking water threats, worrying public health advocates. Hiroko Tabuchi reports for The New York Times.
Kennedy’s fluoride policy faces obstacles
by EHN Curators on November 19, 2024 at 8:28 pm
President-elect Trump’s selection of Robert F. Kennedy Jr. to lead the Department of Health and Human Services won’t give him direct control over water fluoridation policies, though his influence could sway public and local debates. Miranda Willson reports for E&E News.
Scientists' Declaration for the Global Plastics Treaty
by Sarah Howard on November 19, 2024 at 5:54 pm
The signatories of this declaration are independent scientists with expertise on plastics, and who are free of conflicts of interest associated with the life cycle of plastics. Read it here and sign it here. Due Nov. 22, 2024.